Ibudilast (IUD) acts as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor and anti-inflammatory agent that suppresses microglial activation and reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine production. By modulating neuroinflammatory processes and potentially inhibiting glial cell activation, it may help mitigate the neurogenic inflammation associated with cluster headaches. Its mechanism suggests potential neuroprotective and pain-modulating effects that could interrupt the pathophysiological cascade of cluster headache episodes.