Verapamil, a calcium channel blocker, reduces neurogenic inflammation and modulates neuronal excitability in the trigeminal system, thereby decreasing the frequency and severity of cluster headache attacks. By blocking L-type calcium channels in smooth muscle and neuronal tissues, it stabilizes neuronal membranes and inhibits the propagation of pain signals associated with cluster headaches. Its prophylactic effect is primarily mediated through its ability to alter calcium-dependent neuronal processes and reduce vascular reactivity.